Basic Information on Pressure Ulcers
A pressure ulcer is a localized necrosis of tissue resulting from circulatory disorders caused by prolonged or repeated pressure applied to the patient's body. This condition can affect the entire thickness of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and bones. Therefore, the care provided by caregivers for bedridden patients is extremely important.
Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers
The treatment of pressure ulcers focuses on stopping the enlargement of the wound and on tissue regeneration. The duration of this process depends on the severity of the necrosis. Initial stages of bedsores are treated by repositioning the patient. Caregivers learn how to properly position a patient in a Caregiving Course or nursing school. In more advanced stages of pressure ulcers, the treatment process is lengthy. The treatment of pressure ulcers aims to prevent wound growth and, if possible, eliminate it. In the case of extensive necrosis, surgical intervention may also be necessary.
Prevention of pressure ulcers includes:
· skin care – moisturizing, stimulation of microcirculation
Risk Factors
The occurrence of pressure ulcers in each patient is an individual matter. However, there are several factors that increase the likelihood of this condition: immobilization in a wheelchair or bed, advanced age, abnormal body weight (malnutrition, obesity), diagnoses: diabetes, atherosclerosis, incontinence. The development of pressure ulcers is particularly dangerous in people with impaired pain perception and in patients with spinal cord injuries.
Stages of Pressure Ulcers
Stage I: In the first stage of pressure sores, redness appears, which fades after pressing with a finger.
Stage II: In the second stage, the redness no longer disappears and swelling occurs.
Phase III: In the third phase, the pressure ulcer covers the full thickness of the skin up to the boundary with the subcutaneous tissue, forming a blister.
Phase IV: In the fourth phase, the damage extends into the subcutaneous layer, where tissue necrosis gradually occurs. An ulcer forms, covered with a scab or a yellow-brown coating.
Phase V: The final stage involves necrosis of muscles and then bones and joints. Tissue disintegration occurs within the wound. As a result of fifth-degree pressure ulcers, infection of the entire body, or sepsis, may occur.
Pressure ulcers cause the patient numerous additional complications and suffering. In the most severe cases, they can lead to the patient's death. Therefore, it is crucial to take appropriate measures at the early stage of their occurrence.